PRIMARY OBJECTIVE:
I. To evaluate safety of combining chemotherapy (cisplatin and gemcitabine) with an anti-PD1 immune checkpoint inhibitor (nivolumab) in children, adolescents and young adults with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) by determining the rate of Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) grade 3 or higher immune related adverse events (irAEs).
SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:
I. To estimate the 2-year event-free survival (EFS) of children, adolescents and young adults with NPC who are treated with induction chemoimmunotherapy (CIT), followed by consolidation chemoradioimmunotherapy (CRIT, cisplatin, nivolumab and response-adjusted, dose de-escalated radiation therapy), and nivolumab maintenance therapy.
II. To evaluate the objective response rate (ORR) including complete responders and partial responders (complete response \[CR\] + partial response \[PR\]) of neoadjuvant CIT.
III. To evaluate feasibility of combining chemotherapy (cisplatin and gemcitabine) with an anti-PD1 immune checkpoint inhibitor (nivolumab) in children, adolescents and young adults with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).
IV. To evaluate the cumulative incidence of local and distant relapse.
EXPLORATORY OBJECTIVES:
I. To estimate 5-year EFS and overall survival (OS) of children with NPC who are treated with induction CIT followed by consolidation CRIT, and nivolumab maintenance therapy.
II. To compare response assessed by fludeoxyglucose F18 (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) versus magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
III. To determine treatment outcomes for patients treated with radiation per protocol versus (vs) deviation.
IV. To evaluate outcomes comparing patients receiving intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) to proton therapy.
V. To objectively measure both acute and long-term toxicity including immune related adverse events and radiation late effects.
VI. To evaluate swallowing dysfunction using patient reported outcome (PRO) measures for children and adults throughout the protocol for up to 5 years.
VII. To evaluate quality of life (QOL) using Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) multidimensional questionnaire throughout the protocol for up to 5 years.
VIII. To correlate the lymphocyte to monocyte ratio on complete blood counts (CBCs) with treatment response and outcomes.
IX. To collect and bank specimens (including tumor, blood and stool) for future research studies.
OUTLINE:
INDUCTION THERAPY: Patients receive nivolumab intravenously (IV) over 30 minutes on day 1 of each cycle, gemcitabine IV over 30 minutes on days 1 and 8 of each cycle, and cisplatin IV over 3-6 hours on day 1 of each cycle. Treatment repeats every 21 days for 3 cycles in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
CONSOLIDATION THERAPY: Patients receive nivolumab IV over 30 minutes on day 1 of each cycle and cisplatin IV over 3-6 hours on day 1 of cycles 1-2. Treatment repeats every 21 days for 3 cycles in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Patients also receive concurrent radiation therapy on trial.
MAINTENANCE THERAPY: Patients receive nivolumab IV over 30 minutes on day 1 of each cycle. Treatment repeats every 28 days for 6 cycles in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
Patients also undergo echocardiography (ECHO) or multigated acquisition scan (MUGA) during screening and as clinically indicated on trial. Patients undergo MRI, FDG PET, and computed tomography (CT) throughout the trial and chest x-ray during follow-up. Patients also undergo dental x-ray imaging on the trial. Patients may optionally undergo tissue biopsy, blood and stool sample collection during screening and on trial.
After completion of study treatment, patients are followed up every 3 months for 12 months, every 6 months until 24 months off therapy, and then yearly until 5 years off therapy.
Inclusion Criteria:
* Patients must be ≤ 21 years of age at the time of study enrollment
* Newly diagnosed American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage II-IV nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC)
* Patients must have had histologic verification of the malignancy at original diagnosis
* Although submission of tumor tissue for the molecular characterization initiative is not required for eligibility, it is strongly recommended
* Patients must have had histologic verification of the malignancy at original diagnosis
* Although submission of tumor tissue for the molecular characterization initiative is not required for eligibility, it is strongly recommended
* Patients must have a Lansky (for patients ≤ 16 years of age) or Karnofsky (for patients \> 16 years of age) performance status score of ≥ 60%
* Peripheral absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥ 1000/uL (within 7 days prior to start of protocol therapy)
* Platelet count ≥ 100,000/uL (transfusion independent) (within 7 days prior to start of protocol therapy)
* Creatinine clearance or radioisotope glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m\^2 or (within 7 days prior to start of protocol therapy)
* A serum creatinine based on age/sex (within 7 days prior to start of protocol therapy) Age: Maximum serum creatinine (mg/dL)
1 month to \< 6 months: 0.4 mg/dL (male); 0.4 mg/dL (female) 6 months to \< 1 year: 0.5 mg/dL (male); 0.5 mg/dL (female)
1 to \< 2 years: 0.6 mg/dL (male); 0.6 mg/dL (female) 2 to \< 6 years: 0.8 mg/dL (male); 0.8 mg/dL (female) 6 to \< 10 years 1 mg/dL (male); 1 mg/dL (female) 10 to \<13 years: 1.2 mg/dL (male); 1.2 mg/dL (female) 13 to \< 16 years: 1.5 mg/dL (male); 1.4 mg/dL (female)
≥ 16 years: 1.7 mg/dL (male); 1.4 mg/dL (female)
* Total bilirubin ≤ 1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN) for age, and (within 7 days prior to start of protocol therapy)
* Serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) (alanine aminotransferase \[ALT\]) ≤ 135 U/L\* (within 7 days prior to start of protocol therapy)
* Note: For the purpose of this study, the ULN for SGPT (ALT) has been set to the value of 45 U/L
* Shortening fraction of ≥ 27% by echocardiogram, or
* Ejection fraction of ≥ 50% by radionuclide angiogram
* No evidence of dyspnea at rest, no exercise intolerance, and a pulse oximetry \> 94% if there is clinical indication for determination
* Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients on effective anti-retroviral therapy with undetectable viral load within 6 months and T-cell count above the lower limit of normal are eligible for this trial
* For patients with evidence of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the HBV viral load must be undetectable on suppressive therapy, if indicated. Patients with a history of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection must have been treated and cured. For patients with HCV infection who are currently on treatment, they are eligible if they have an undetectable HCV viral load
Exclusion Criteria:
* Patients who received prior radiotherapy to the head or neck
* Patients who received prior chemotherapy or radiation for the treatment of any cancer in the last 3 years. These patients must also be in remission
* Patients with a diagnosis of immunodeficiency
* Patients with an active autoimmune disease that has required systemic treatment in the past 2 years (i.e., with use of disease-modifying agents, corticosteroids, or immunosuppressive agents). Replacement therapy (e.g., thyroxine, insulin, or physiologic corticosteroid replacement therapy for adrenal or pituitary insufficiency, etc.) is not considered a form of systemic treatment.
* Note: Patients with well-controlled asthma and no need for systemic steroids for the treatment of asthma in the last 12 months will not be excluded
* Patients with a condition requiring systemic treatment with either corticosteroids (\> 0.25 mg/kg (10 mg) daily prednisone equivalent) within 14 days or other immunosuppressive medications within 30 days of enrollment. Inhaled or topical steroids, and adrenal replacement steroid doses \> 0.25 mg/kg (10 mg) daily prednisone equivalent, are permitted in the absence of active autoimmune disease
* Patients with a history of (non-infectious) pneumonitis that required steroids or current pneumonitis
* Patients with detectable viral load of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B or hepatitis C, or active tuberculosis
* Patients who have undergone solid organ or allogeneic hematopoietic transplant at any time
* Due to risks of fetal and teratogenic adverse events as seen in animal studies, a negative pregnancy test must be obtained in females of childbearing potential, defined as females who are post-menarchal. If the urine test is positive or cannot be confirmed as negative, a serum pregnancy test will be required
* Females of childbearing potential that are sexually active must agree to either practice 2 medically accepted highly-effective methods of contraception at the same time or abstain from heterosexual intercourse from the time of signing the informed consent through 5 months after the last dose of nivolumab, 6 months after the last dose of gemcitabine, and 14 months after the last dose of cisplatin, whichever is longer
* Males of childbearing potential that are sexually active must agree to either practice a medically accepted highly-effective methods of contraception or abstain from heterosexual intercourse from the time of signing the informed consent through 3 months after the last dose of gemcitabine, and 11 months after the last dose of cisplatin, whichever is longer
* Lactating females are not eligible unless they have agreed not to breastfeed their infants starting with the first dose of study therapy through 5 months after the last dose of nivolumab
* All patients and/or their parents or legal guardians must sign a written informed consent
* All institutional, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and National Cancer Institute (NCI) requirements for human studies must be met
Lip, Oral Cavity and Pharynx
